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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD): Understanding Your Diagnosis and Treatments

Updated: 6 days ago


Fundus Image of ARMD

Summary

For patients diagnosed with inherited retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa,

we could offer specialized medical care options.

Please get general information and standard cares described below, and contact us to determine your eligibility for advanced treatments.







Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD): Understanding Your Diagnosis and Treatments

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a common eye condition affecting the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. While a diagnosis of ARMD can be concerning, understanding the condition and its management can empower you to protect your vision and maintain a good quality of life.   


This article provides a comprehensive overview of and help understanding macular degeneration, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and strategies for living well with the condition.


1. What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?

ARMD is a degenerative eye disease that primarily affects the macula, the central portion of the retina responsible for detailed vision needed for tasks like reading, driving, and recognizing faces.  As ARMD progresses, central vision can become blurred, distorted, or even lost, making everyday activities challenging.   


2. Types of ARMD

There are two main types of ARMD:

  • Dry (atrophic) ARMD: It is characterized by the gradual breakdown of outer retinal cells in the macula, leading to the formation of yellow deposits called drusen. Dry AMD progresses slowly while may not causing significant vision loss in its early stages.   

  • Wet (neovascular) ARMD: Abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the macula and leak fluid or blood, causing rapid and significant vision loss.   


3. Causes and Risk Factors

While aging is the primary risk factor for ARMD, other factors can contribute to its development:

  • Age: The risk increases significantly after age 50.   

  • Family history: Having a family member with ARMD increases your risk.   

  • Smoking: Smokers are significantly more likely to develop ARMD.   

  • Race: Caucasians are at higher risk than other ethnicities (Dry type is considered as dominant).   

  • High blood pressure: Uncontrolled hypertension might contribute to ARMD.   

  • Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk.   

  • Sunlight exposure: Excessive exposure to UV light may play a role.   

  • Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase risk.   


4. Symptoms of ARMD

Early-stage dry ARMD often has no noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, you may experience:   


  • Blurred central vision: Difficulty seeing fine details, reading, or recognizing faces.  

  • Distorted vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or distorted.   

  • Dark or empty areas in central vision: Scotomas (blind spots) may develop.   

  • Difficulty distinguishing colors: Colors may appear faded or less vibrant.   

Wet ARMD sometimes causes rapid vision loss, so it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you notice any sudden changes in your central vision.   


5. Diagnosing ARMD

Diagnosing ARMD involves a comprehensive eye exam, including:

  • Visual acuity test: Measures sharpness of vision.   

  • Amsler grid test: A simple grid test to detect distortions in central vision.   

  • Dilated eye exam: Widens the pupils to allow for a detailed examination of the retina.   

  • Fluorescein angiography: A special dye is injected to visualize blood vessels in the retina, helping to identify leaking vessels in wet ARMD.   

  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT): Creates detailed images of the retina to assess the thickness and structure of the macula.   


6. Treatment Options

Treatment for AMD depends on the type and severity:

  • Dry (atrophic) ARMD:

    • Currently, there is no cure for dry AMD, but certain vitamins and minerals (AREDS2 formula) may help slow its progression in some cases.

    • Healthy lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, eating a balanced diet, and managing blood pressure, are also important.   

    • RPE transplantation: Stem cell-based retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation is served as a promising therapeutic option for this condition.

  • Wet (neovascular) ARMD:

    • Anti-VEGF injections: Injections into the eye to block the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reduce fluid leakage. This is the primary treatment for wet (neovascular) ARMD.   

    • Photodynamic therapy (PDT): A less common treatment using a light-sensitive drug and laser to destroy abnormal blood vessels.   


7. Living with ARMD

While ARMD can affect vision, there are ways to adapt and maintain a fulfilling life:

  • Low vision aids: Magnifying glasses, large-print books, and other assistive devices can help with daily tasks.   

  • Lifestyle adjustments: Increase lighting, reduce glare, and organize your living space to make it easier to navigate.

  • Support groups: Connect with others living with AMD for emotional support and practical tips.   

  • Emotional well-being: It's important to address the emotional impact of vision loss and seek support if needed.


8. Conclusion

ARMD is a common eye condition, but with regular eye exams, early detection, and appropriate management, you can maintain your independence and quality of life. Work closely with your eye care professional to develop a personalized treatment plan and stay informed about the latest advancements in ARMD care.   


This article was reviewed by

Dr. Daiki Sakai, MD



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